The former player: 'I really wanted to continue playing'
Warning: This article contains descriptions of racially offensive comments and conduct
Ex-England player Luther Burrell states that speaking out to reveal racial discrimination in professional rugby brought his professional journey to an early end.
In a 2022 interview, Burrell described racism as being "widespread" in the sport, showing digital communications and recalling training ground "comments" he had been exposed to while playing for Newcastle.
Then 34 and out of contract, Burrell's only elite playing since has been a handful of games with guest team the Barbarians.
"I have definitely had to end my career because of what happened," he explained to reporters.
"I really hoped to carry on competing, naturally I did. I pursued that, and it collapsed when news emerged that there were investigations going on.
"This situation was difficult - I had to simply accept the fate and understand that this whole situation is a lot bigger than me."
A sports organization investigation in 2023 found Burrell's claims were accurate "likely correct", but said it could not collect sufficient evidence to definitively say they happened at Newcastle.
Luther Burrell started all of England's Six Nations games in 2014 and 2015, but was controversially excluded for their team for the 2015 World Cup
Burrell told media he also faced discrimination within the England set-up, during a international career that saw him earn 15 caps after his debut in 2014.
"I've had several traumatic experiences within the national team," he said.
"Certain instances of discrimination and some just old-school mentality that's really unacceptable."
Racism had become normalised in dressing rooms, in Burrell's experience.
"It's something that has been disguised as banter and that's been the issue that I've personally experienced and seen," said Burrell, who is of Jamaican heritage.
"During a period of time you just begin to believe that it's the norm and that is fine and that it's not malicious, but that's nonsense."
Burrell explains he was eventually motivated to speak out after a team-mate at Newcastle called him as a "slave" and told him to put sunscreen on his arms and legs "where your shackles were."
The rugby authority said Burrell's disclosures had led to "increased scrutiny at the culture within the elite game and to the implementation of an strategy for the elite level."
"We has placed significant attention on inclusion and inclusion in rugby union and a substantial amount of work completed both prior and since Luther Burrell came forward and revealed his encounters of racism and class discrimination," it added.
"We are continuing work with teams and partners in the elite level to work for a environment of acceptance but acknowledge this takes time and is an continuous effort."
Every Premiership and women's rugby club now has in-person training on building inclusive cultures, with its success tracked via individual reports and feedback.
All England players, including youth squads, are educated in being "active bystanders" to intervene and protect others from harmful conduct.
"You be so proud of what you have done," Burrell's mother Joyce told him as part of the film Luther Burrell - Rugby, Racism and Redemption.
"We know it has had this impact on you and ended your playing days, but in our view, you have done so much. We are so proud of you and to have you as a son."
Burrell's dad Geoff died soon after the production of the documentary, and his sibling died earlier this year.
Burrell, who grew up on a council estate in his hometown, continues his work to make the sport more open.
His charitable organization works to connect with young people in under-served communities and support them succeed both on the field with complimentary sports training, guidance and dietary education.
"My motivations are genuine, I want to see the progress of the game and if others is willing to share their experience then I'll persist to fight that cause because I'm not just doing this for myself," he explained.
"We have an responsibility to make the game as great as it can be and the more I talk about it perhaps the more comfortable fellow players will become about discussing their personal stories as well.
"I take the challenge by the opportunity and continue bearing this banner and keep supporting this weight and accomplish what I can to create opportunities and make the game more attractive and more inclusive.
"There's a lot of disadvantaged children and a lot of poverty and I honestly believe that rugby has the potential to transform their lives, just as it did for me."
Burrell scored for the Barbarians on a comeback to previous team Northampton in November 2022